The concentration of the potentially toxic element (PTEs) in black tea (<i>Camellia sinensis</i>) consumed in Iran: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and probabilistic risk assessment study

The contamination of tea as one most widely consumed beverage in Iran with the potentially toxic elements (PTEs) leads to adverse health effects. In current study, a meta-analysis and probabilistic risk assessment regarding PTEs concentration samples from were performed using international databases (PubMed Scopus) national (SID, Irandoc, Magiran) 2005 1 June 2022. Data analysed random-effects model based on Iranian imported subgroups, was conducted Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). highest THQ adults children due consumption related As (0.0635) (0.2964), respectively, Cu (0.0266) (0.1242), respectively. TTHQ children’s consumers ingestion via 0.21 1.01, 0.22 0.94, Therefore, non-carcinogenic higher than value. mean CR for content inorganic 2.89E-5 1.35E-4, 9.44E-6 4.42E-5 Hence children, both consumption, are at considerable carcinogenic risk. It is recommended carry out continuous monitoring plans country customs reduce sources agricultural fields.